In an era of the rapid advancement of technology, information and communication system runs the world, which often benefit the agenda of a state in the mechanism of political affairs like in advancing war, preparing strategy, manipulating a target group or spreading disinformation. It becomes more widespread through information warfare, as Winn Schwartau, calls it ‘computers everywhere’ since it ‘incorporates information systems and
resources (hardware, software, and wetware) used by military and civilian decisionmakers to send, receive, control, and manipulate information necessary to enable 21st-century decision-making’. The context >>CBGA insights-2
